COVID-19 Lockdowns: A Worldwide Survey of Circadian Rhythms and Sleep Quality in 3911 Athletes from 49 Countries, with Data-Driven Recommendations

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dc.contributor.authorRomdhani, Mohamed
dc.contributor.authorRae, Dale E.
dc.contributor.authorNédélec, Mathieu
dc.contributor.authorAmmar, Achraf
dc.contributor.authorChtourou, Hamdi
dc.contributor.authorAl Horani, Ramzi
dc.contributor.authorBen Saad, Helmi
dc.contributor.authorBragazzi, Nicola
dc.contributor.authorDönmez, Gürhan
dc.contributor.authorDriss, Tarak
dc.contributor.authorFullagar, Hugh H. K.
dc.contributor.authorFarooq, Abdulaziz
dc.contributor.authorGarbarino, Sergio
dc.contributor.authorHammouda, Omar
dc.contributor.authorHassanmirzaei, Bahar
dc.contributor.authorKhalladi, Karim
dc.contributor.authorKhemila, Syrine
dc.contributor.authorMataruna-Dos-Santos, Leonardo Jose
dc.contributor.authorMoussa-Chamari, Imen
dc.contributor.authorMujika, Iñigo
dc.contributor.authorMuñoz Helú, Hussein
dc.contributor.authorNorouzi Fashkhami, Amin
dc.contributor.authorPaineiras-Domingos, Laisa Liane
dc.contributor.authorRahbari Khaneghah, Mehrshad
dc.contributor.authorSaita, Yoshitomo
dc.contributor.authorTrabelsi, Khaled
dc.contributor.authorVitale, Jacopo Antonino
dc.contributor.authorWashif, Jad Adrian
dc.contributor.authorWeber, Johanna
dc.contributor.authorSouissi, Nizar
dc.contributor.authorTaylor, Lee
dc.contributor.authorChamari, Karim
dc.date.accessioned2021-12-28T13:11:12Z
dc.date.available2021-12-28T13:11:12Z
dc.date.copyright© 2021
dc.date.issued2022-06
dc.descriptionThis article is not available at CUD collection. The version of scholarly record of this article is published in Sports Medicine (2022), available online at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01601-yen_US
dc.description.abstractObjective: In a convenience sample of athletes, we conducted a survey of COVID-19-mediated lockdown (termed ‘lockdown’ from this point forward) effects on: (i) circadian rhythms; (ii) sleep; (iii) eating; and (iv) training behaviors. Methods: In total, 3911 athletes [mean age: 25.1 (range 18–61) years, 1764 female (45%), 2427 team-sport (63%) and 1442 elite (37%) athletes] from 49 countries completed a multilingual cross-sectional survey including the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Insomnia Severity Index questionnaires, alongside bespoke questions about napping, training, and nutrition behaviors. Results: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (4.3 ± 2.4 to 5.8 ± 3.1) and Insomnia Severity Index (4.8 ± 4.7 to 7.2 ± 6.4) scores increased from pre- to during lockdown (p < 0.001). Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was predominantly influenced by sleep-onset latency (p < 0.001; + 29.8%), sleep efficiency (p < 0.001; − 21.1%), and total sleep time (p < 0.001; − 20.1%), whilst Insomnia Severity Index was affected by sleep-onset latency (p < 0.001; + 21.4%), bedtime (p < 0.001; + 9.4%), and eating after midnight (p < 0.001; + 9.1%). During lockdown, athletes reported fewer training sessions per week (− 29.1%; d = 0.99). Athletes went to bed (+ 75 min; 5.4%; d = 1.14) and woke up (+ 150 min; 34.5%; d = 1.71) later during lockdown with an increased total sleep time (+ 48 min; 10.6%; d = 0.83). Lockdown-mediated circadian disruption had more deleterious effects on the sleep quality of individual-sport athletes compared with team-sport athletes (p < 0.001; d = 0.41), elite compared with non-elite athletes (p = 0.028; d = 0.44) and older compared with younger (p = 0.008; d = 0.46) athletes. Conclusions: These lockdown-induced behavioral changes reduced sleep quality and increased insomnia in athletes. Data-driven and evidence-based recommendations to counter these include, but are not limited to: (i) early outdoor training; (ii) regular meal scheduling (whilst avoiding meals prior to bedtime and caffeine in the evening) with appropriate composition; (iii) regular bedtimes and wake-up times; and (iv) avoidance of long and/or late naps. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.en_US
dc.identifier.citationRomdhani, M., Rae, D. E., Nédélec, M., Ammar, A., Chtourou, H., Al Horani, R., . . . Chamari, K. (2022). COVID-19 lockdowns: A worldwide survey of circadian rhythms and sleep quality in 3911 athletes from 49 countries, with data-driven recommendations. Sports Medicine, 52(6), 1433-1448. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01601-yen_US
dc.identifier.issn01121642
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01601-y
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12519/483
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.publisherSpringer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbHen_US
dc.relationAuthors Affiliations : Romdhani, M., High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, Sfax University, Sfax, Tunisia, Physical Activity, Sport and Health, UR18JS01, National Observatory of Sports, BP 143 Olympic City, Tunis, 1003, Tunisia; Rae, D.E., Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Nédélec, M., Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French National Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France; Ammar, A., Institute of Sport Science, Otto-Von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, 39106, Germany, Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, 55099, Germany; Chtourou, H., High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, Sfax University, Sfax, Tunisia, Physical Activity, Sport and Health, UR18JS01, National Observatory of Sports, BP 143 Olympic City, Tunis, 1003, Tunisia; Al Horani, R., Department of Exercise Science, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan; Ben Saad, H., Université de Sousse, Hôpital Farhat HACHED, Faculté de Médecine de Sousse, Laboratoire de Recherche (LR12SP09) “Insuffisance Cardiaque”, Sousse, Tunisia; Bragazzi, N., Department of Health Sciences, Postgraduate School of Public Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy, Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada; Dönmez, G., Department of Sports Medicine, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey; Driss, T., Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology and Psychology: Physical Activity, Health and Learning (LINP2) UFR STAPS, UPL, Paris Nanterre University, Nanterre, France; Fullagar, H.H.K., School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Farooq, A., Aspetar, Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Doha, Qatar; Garbarino, S., Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal-Infantile Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy, Post-Graduate School of Occupational Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy; Hammouda, O., Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology and Psychology: Physical Activity, Health and Learning (LINP2) UFR STAPS, UPL, Paris Nanterre University, Nanterre, France, Research Laboratory, Molecular Bases of Human Pathology, LR19ES13, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia; Hassanmirzaei, B., Sports Medicine Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Iran Football Medical Assessment and Rehabilitation Center - IFMARC, FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Tehran, Iran; Khalladi, K., Aspetar, Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Doha, Qatar; Khemila, S., Physical Activity, Sport and Health, UR18JS01, National Observatory of Sports, BP 143 Olympic City, Tunis, 1003, Tunisia, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Ksar-Said Manouba University, Manouba, Tunisia; Mataruna-Dos-Santos, L.J., Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Management, Canadian University of Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates, Centre for Trust, Peace and Social Relation, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom; Moussa-Chamari, I., Physical Education Department, College of Education, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Mujika, I., Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain, Exercise Science Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, School of Kinesiology, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile; Muñoz Helú, H., Department of Economic-Administrative Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, Los Mochis, Sinaloa, Mexico; Norouzi Fashkhami, A., Esteghlal Physiotherapy Clinic, EPC, Teheran, Iran; Paineiras-Domingos, L.L., Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Departamento de Fisioterapia, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Rahbari Khaneghah, M., Esteghlal Physiotherapy Clinic, EPC, Teheran, Iran; Saita, Y., Department of Sports and Regenerative Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; Trabelsi, K., High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, Sfax University, Sfax, Tunisia, Research Laboratory: Education, Motricity, Sport and Health, EM2S, LR19JS01, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia; Vitale, J.A., IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy; Washif, J.A., Sports Performance Division, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Weber, J., Neurocognition and Action, Biomechanics, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany, Institute for Sports Science, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Souissi, N., Physical Activity, Sport and Health, UR18JS01, National Observatory of Sports, BP 143 Olympic City, Tunis, 1003, Tunisia, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Ksar-Said Manouba University, Manouba, Tunisia; Taylor, L., School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine (NCSEM), Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom, Sport and Exercise Discipline Group, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, NSW, Australia; Chamari, K., Aspetar, Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Doha, Qatar, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Ksar-Said Manouba University, Manouba, Tunisia
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dc.rights.holderCopyright : © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
dc.rights.licenseLicense Number: 5214580602614 License date: Dec 23, 2021
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dc.titleCOVID-19 Lockdowns: A Worldwide Survey of Circadian Rhythms and Sleep Quality in 3911 Athletes from 49 Countries, with Data-Driven Recommendationsen_US
dc.typeArticleen_US
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