Training During the COVID-19 Lockdown: Knowledge, Beliefs, and Practices of 12,526 Athletes from 142 Countries and Six Continents

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dc.contributor.authorWashif, Jad Adrian
dc.contributor.authorFarooq, Abdulaziz
dc.contributor.authorKrug, Isabel
dc.contributor.authorPyne, David B.
dc.contributor.authorVerhagen, Evert
dc.contributor.authorTaylor, Lee
dc.contributor.authorWong, Del P.
dc.contributor.authorMujika, Iñigo
dc.contributor.authorCortis, Cristina
dc.contributor.authorHaddad, Monoem
dc.contributor.authorAhmadian, Omid
dc.contributor.authorAl Jufaili, Mahmood
dc.contributor.authorAl-Horani, Ramzi A.
dc.contributor.authorAl-Mohannadi, Abdulla Saeed
dc.contributor.authorAloui, Asma
dc.contributor.authorAmmar, Achraf
dc.contributor.authorArifi, Fitim
dc.contributor.authorAziz, Abdul Rashid
dc.contributor.authorBatuev, Mikhail
dc.contributor.authorBeaven, Christopher Martyn
dc.contributor.authorBeneke, Ralph
dc.contributor.authorBici, Arben
dc.contributor.authorBishnoi, Pallawi
dc.contributor.authorBogwasi, Lone
dc.contributor.authorBok, Daniel
dc.contributor.authorBoukhris, Omar
dc.contributor.authorBoullosa, Daniel
dc.contributor.authorBragazzi, Nicola
dc.contributor.authorBrito, Joao
dc.contributor.authorCartagena, Roxana Paola Palacios
dc.contributor.authorChaouachi, Anis
dc.contributor.authorCheung, Stephen S.
dc.contributor.authorChtourou, Hamdi
dc.contributor.authorCosma, Germina
dc.contributor.authorDebevec, Tadej
dc.contributor.authorDeLang, Matthew D.
dc.contributor.authorDellal, Alexandre
dc.contributor.authorDönmez, Gürhan
dc.contributor.authorDriss, Tarak
dc.contributor.authorDuque, Juan David Peña
dc.contributor.authorEirale, Cristiano
dc.contributor.authorElloumi, Mohamed
dc.contributor.authorFoster, Carl
dc.contributor.authorFranchini, Emerson
dc.contributor.authorFusco, Andrea
dc.contributor.authorGaly, Olivier
dc.contributor.authorGastin, Paul B.
dc.contributor.authorGill, Nicholas
dc.contributor.authorGirard, Olivier
dc.contributor.authorGregov, Cvita
dc.contributor.authorHalson, Shona
dc.contributor.authorHammouda, Omar
dc.contributor.authorHanzlíková, Ivana
dc.contributor.authorHassanmirzaei, Bahar
dc.contributor.authorHaugen, Thomas
dc.contributor.authorHébert-Losier, Kim
dc.contributor.authorHelú, Hussein Muñoz
dc.contributor.authorHerrera-Valenzuela, Tomás
dc.contributor.authorHettinga, Florentina J.
dc.contributor.authorHoltzhausen, Louis
dc.contributor.authorHue, Olivier
dc.contributor.authorIacono, Antonio Dello
dc.contributor.authorIhalainen, Johanna K.
dc.contributor.authorJames, Carl
dc.contributor.authorRensburg, Dina C. Janse van
dc.contributor.authorJoseph, Saju
dc.contributor.authorKamoun, Karim
dc.contributor.authorKhaled, Mehdi
dc.contributor.authorKhalladi, Karim
dc.contributor.authorKim, Kwang Joon
dc.contributor.authorKok, Lian-Yee
dc.contributor.authorMacMillan, Lewis
dc.contributor.authorMataruna-Dos-Santos, Leonardo Jose
dc.contributor.authorMatsunaga, Ryo
dc.contributor.authorMemishi, Shpresa
dc.contributor.authorMillet, Grégoire P.
dc.contributor.authorMoussa-Chamari, Imen
dc.contributor.authorMusa, Danladi Ibrahim
dc.contributor.authorNguyen, Hoang Minh Thuan
dc.contributor.authorNikolaidis, Pantelis T.
dc.contributor.authorOwen, Adam
dc.contributor.authorPadulo, Johnny
dc.contributor.authorPagaduan, Jeffrey Cayaban
dc.contributor.authorPerera, Nirmala Panagodage
dc.contributor.authorPérez-Gómez, Jorge
dc.contributor.authorPillay, Lervasen
dc.contributor.authorPopa, Arporn
dc.contributor.authorPudasaini, Avishkar
dc.contributor.authorRabbani, Alireza
dc.contributor.authorRahayu, Tandiyo
dc.contributor.authorRomdhani, Mohamed
dc.contributor.authorSalamh, Paul
dc.contributor.authorSarkar, Abu-Sufian
dc.contributor.authorSchillinger, Andy
dc.contributor.authorSeiler, Stephen
dc.contributor.authorSetyawati, Heny
dc.contributor.authorShrestha, Navina
dc.contributor.authorSuraya, Fatona
dc.contributor.authorTabben, Montassar
dc.contributor.authorTrabelsi, Khaled
dc.contributor.authorUrhausen, Axel
dc.contributor.authorValtonen, Maarit
dc.contributor.authorWeber, Johanna
dc.contributor.authorWhiteley, Rodney
dc.contributor.authorZrane, Adel
dc.contributor.authorZerguini, Yacine
dc.contributor.authorZmijewski, Piotr
dc.contributor.authorSandbakk, Øyvind
dc.contributor.authorSaad, Helmi Ben
dc.contributor.authorChamari, Karim
dc.date.accessioned2021-10-26T12:42:22Z
dc.date.available2021-10-26T12:42:22Z
dc.date.copyright© 2021
dc.date.issued2022-04
dc.descriptionThis article is licensed under Creative Commons License and full text is openly accessible in CUD Digital Repository. The version of the scholarly record of this article is published in Sports Medicine (2022), available online at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01573-zen_US
dc.description.abstractObjective: Our objective was to explore the training-related knowledge, beliefs, and practices of athletes and the influence of lockdowns in response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Methods: Athletes (n = 12,526, comprising 13% world class, 21% international, 36% national, 24% state, and 6% recreational) completed an online survey that was available from 17 May to 5 July 2020 and explored their training behaviors (training knowledge, beliefs/attitudes, and practices), including specific questions on their training intensity, frequency, and session duration before and during lockdown (March–June 2020). Results: Overall, 85% of athletes wanted to “maintain training,” and 79% disagreed with the statement that it is “okay to not train during lockdown,” with a greater prevalence for both in higher-level athletes. In total, 60% of athletes considered “coaching by correspondence (remote coaching)” to be sufficient (highest amongst world-class athletes). During lockdown, < 40% were able to maintain sport-specific training (e.g., long endurance [39%], interval training [35%], weightlifting [33%], plyometric exercise [30%]) at pre-lockdown levels (higher among world-class, international, and national athletes), with most (83%) training for “general fitness and health maintenance” during lockdown. Athletes trained alone (80%) and focused on bodyweight (65%) and cardiovascular (59%) exercise/training during lockdown. Compared with before lockdown, most athletes reported reduced training frequency (from between five and seven sessions per week to four or fewer), shorter training sessions (from ≥ 60 to < 60 min), and lower sport-specific intensity (~ 38% reduction), irrespective of athlete classification. Conclusions: COVID-19-related lockdowns saw marked reductions in athletic training specificity, intensity, frequency, and duration, with notable within-sample differences (by athlete classification). Higher classification athletes had the strongest desire to “maintain” training and the greatest opposition to “not training” during lockdowns. These higher classification athletes retained training specificity to a greater degree than others, probably because of preferential access to limited training resources. More higher classification athletes considered “coaching by correspondence” as sufficient than did lower classification athletes. These lockdown-mediated changes in training were not conducive to maintenance or progression of athletes’ physical capacities and were also likely detrimental to athletes’ mental health. These data can be used by policy makers, athletes, and their multidisciplinary teams to modulate their practice, with a degree of individualization, in the current and continued pandemic-related scenario. Furthermore, the data may drive training-related educational resources for athletes and their multidisciplinary teams. Such upskilling would provide athletes with evidence to inform their training modifications in response to germane situations (e.g., COVID related, injury, and illness). © 2021, The Author(s).en_US
dc.description.sponsorshipA specific funding was provided by the National Sports Institute of Malaysia for this study.en_US
dc.identifier.citationWashif, J.A., Farooq, A., Krug, I., Pyne, D.B., Verhagen, E., Taylor, L. . . . & Chamari, K. (2022). Training During the COVID-19 Lockdown: Knowledge, Beliefs, and Practices of 12,526 Athletes from 142 Countries and Six Continents. Sports Medicine, 52(4), 933-948. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01573-zen_US
dc.identifier.issn0112-1642
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01573-z
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12519/454
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.publisherSpringer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbHen_US
dc.relationAuthors Affiliations : Washif, J.A., Sports Performance Division, Institut Sukan Negara Malaysia (National Sports Institute of Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Farooq, A., Aspetar, Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Doha, Qatar; Krug, I., Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Pyne, D.B., Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Verhagen, E., Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Taylor, L., School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine (NCSEM), Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom, Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia, Sport & Exercise Discipline Group, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Wong, D.P., School of Nursing and Health Studies, The Open University of Hong Kong, Ho Man Tin, Hong Kong; Mujika, I., Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain, Exercise Science Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, School of Kinesiology, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile; Cortis, C., Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Lazio Meridionale, Cassino, Italy; Haddad, M., Physical Education Department, College of Education, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Ahmadian, O., Medical Committee of Tehran Football Association, Tehran, Iran; Al Jufaili, M., Emergency Medicine Department, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Alkhoudh, Oman; Al-Horani, R.A., Department of Exercise Science, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan; Al-Mohannadi, A.S., World Innovation Summit for Health (WISH), Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar; Aloui, A., Physical Activity, Sport & Health Research Unit (UR18JS01), National Sport Observatory, Tunis, Tunisia, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Gafsa, Gafsa, Tunisia; Ammar, A., Institute of Sport Sciences, Otto-Von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, 39104, Germany, Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology and Psychology: Physical Activity, Health and Learning (LINP2), UFR STAPS, UPL, Paris Nanterre University, Nanterre, France; Arifi, F., Physical Culture, Sports and Recreation, College Universi, Pristina, Kosovo, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Tetova, Tetovo, North Macedonia; Aziz, A.R., Sport Science and Sport Medicine, Singapore Sport Institute, Sport Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Batuev, M., Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; Beaven, C.M., Division of Health, Engineering, Computing and Science, Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, University of Waikato, Tauranga, New Zealand; Beneke, R., Division of Medicine, Training and Health, Institute of Sport Science and Motology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Bici, A., Applied Motion Department, Institute of Sport Research, Sports University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania; 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Dönmez, G., Department of Sports Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Driss, T., Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology and Psychology: Physical Activity, Health and Learning (LINP2), UFR STAPS, UPL, Paris Nanterre University, Nanterre, France; Peña Duque, J.D., Al Hilal Football Club, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Eirale, C., Paris Saint Germain FC, Paris, France; Elloumi, M., Health and Physical Education Department, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Foster, C., Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI, United States; Franchini, E., Sport Department, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Fusco, A., Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Lazio Meridionale, Cassino, Italy; Galy, O., Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Research in Education, EA 7483, University of New Caledonia, Avenue James Cook, Nouméa, 98800, New Caledonia; 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Hanzlíková, I., Division of Health, Engineering, Computing and Science, Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, University of Waikato, Tauranga, New Zealand; Hassanmirzaei, B., Sports Medicine Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Iran Football Medical Assessments and Rehabilitation Center, IFMARC, Tehran, Iran; Haugen, T., School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway; Hébert-Losier, K., Division of Health, Engineering, Computing and Science, Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, University of Waikato, Tauranga, New Zealand; Muñoz Helú, H., Department of Economic-Administrative Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, Los Mochis, Sinaloa, Mexico; Herrera-Valenzuela, T., Department of Sport Science and Health, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile, University of Santiago of Chile (USACH), Sciences of Physical Activity, Sports and Health School, Santiago, Chile; Hettinga, F.J., Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; Holtzhausen, L., Aspetar, Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Doha, Qatar, Weil-Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Doha, Qatar, Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa, Department of Exercise and Sports Science, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Hue, O., Laboratoire ACTES, UFR-STAPS, Université Des Antilles, Pointe à Pitre, France; Dello Iacono, A., School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, United Kingdom; Ihalainen, J.K., Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland; James, C., Sports Performance Division, Institut Sukan Negara Malaysia (National Sports Institute of Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Janse van Rensburg, D.C., Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa, Medical Board Member, International Netball Federation, Manchester, United Kingdom; Joseph, S., High Performance Director, Sports Authority of India, Bangalore, India; Kamoun, K., Tunisian Research Laboratory, Sport Performance Optimisation, National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia; Khaled, M., SEHA, Singapore, Singapore; Khalladi, K., Aspetar, Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Doha, Qatar; Kim, K.J., Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Kok, L.-Y., Department of Sport Science, Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; MacMillan, L., Sport Science Department, Fulham Football Club, Fulham, London, United Kingdom; Mataruna-Dos-Santos, L.J., Centre for Trust, Peace and Social Relation, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom, Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Management, Canadian University of Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates, Programa Avancado de Cultura Contemporanea, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Matsunaga, R., Antlers Sports Clinic, Kashima, Ibaraki, Japan, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan; Memishi, S., Faculty of Physical Education, University of Tetovo, Tetovo, North Macedonia; Millet, G.P., Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Moussa-Chamari, I., Physical Education Department, College of Education, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Musa, D.I., Department of Human Kinetics and Health Education, Kogi State University, Anyigba, Nigeria; Nguyen, H.M.T., Ho Chi Minh City University of Sport, Ho Chi Minh, Viet Nam; Nikolaidis, P.T., School of Health and Caring Sciences, University of West Attica, Attica, Greece; Owen, A., University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France, Seattle Sounders Football Club, Seattle, WA, United States; Padulo, J., Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Pagaduan, J.C., School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia; Perera, N.P., Sports Medicine, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce, ACT, Australia, University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Pérez-Gómez, J., Health, Economy, Motricity and Education (HEME) Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain; Pillay, L., Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa, University of Witwatersrand, Wits Institute for Sports Health, Johannesburg, South Africa; Popa, A., Health and Sport Science Department, Educational Faculty, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham, Thailand; Pudasaini, A., Medical Department, All Nepal Football Association (ANFA), Lalitpur, Nepal; Rabbani, A., Department of Exercise Physiology, College of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran; 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Zerguini, Y., FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence Algiers, Algiers, Algeria, Medical Committee, Confederation of African Football, Giza, Egypt; Zmijewski, P., Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Sandbakk, Ø., Centre for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian, University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Ben Saad, H., Laboratoire de Recherche “Insuffisance Cardiaque” (LR12SP09), Hôpital Farhat HACHED, Université de Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia, Laboratoire de Physiologie, Faculté de Médicine de Sousse, Université de Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia; Chamari, K., Aspetar, Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Doha, Qatar
dc.relation.ispartofseriesSports Medicine;
dc.rightsCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
dc.rights.holderCopyright : © 2021, The Author(s)
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.titleTraining During the COVID-19 Lockdown: Knowledge, Beliefs, and Practices of 12,526 Athletes from 142 Countries and Six Continentsen_US
dc.typeArticleen_US

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