Lockdown duration and training intensity affect sleep behavior in an international sample of 1454 elite athletes

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dc.contributor.authorRomdhani, Mohamed
dc.contributor.authorFullagar, Hugh H.K.
dc.contributor.authorVitale, Jacopo Antonino
dc.contributor.authorNedelec, Mathieu
dc.contributor.authorRae, Dale Elisabeth
dc.contributor.authorAmmar, Achraf
dc.contributor.authorChtourou, Hamdi
dc.contributor.authorAl-horani, Ramzi A
dc.contributor.authorBEN SAAD, Helmi
dc.contributor.authorBragazzi, Nicola Luigi
dc.contributor.authorDonmez, Gurhan
dc.contributor.authorDergaa, Ismail
dc.contributor.authorDRISS, Tarak
dc.contributor.authorFarooq, Abdulaziz
dc.contributor.authorHammouda, Omar
dc.contributor.authorHarroum, Nesrine
dc.contributor.authorHassanmirzaei, Bahar
dc.contributor.authorKhalladi, Karim
dc.contributor.authorKhemila, Syrine
dc.contributor.authorMataruna-Dos-Santos, Leonardo Jose
dc.contributor.authorMoussa-Chamari, Imen
dc.contributor.authorMujika, Iñigo
dc.contributor.authorHelú, Hussein Muñoz
dc.contributor.authorFashkhami, Amin Norouzi
dc.contributor.authorPaineiras-Domingos, Laisa Liane
dc.contributor.authorKhaneghah, Mehrshad Rahbari
dc.contributor.authorSaita, Yoshitomo
dc.contributor.authorSouissi, Nizar
dc.contributor.authorTrabelsi, Khaled
dc.contributor.authorWashif, Jad Adrian
dc.contributor.authorWeber, Johanna
dc.contributor.authorZmijewski, Piotr
dc.contributor.authorTaylor, Lee
dc.contributor.authorGarbarino, Sergio
dc.contributor.authorChamari, Karim
dc.date.accessioned2022-06-13T14:56:56Z
dc.date.available2022-06-13T14:56:56Z
dc.date.issued2022-06-15
dc.description.abstractObjective: To investigate the effect of (i) lockdown duration and (ii) training intensity on sleep quality and insomnia symptoms in elite athletes. Methods: 1454 elite athletes (24.1±6.7 years; 42% female; 41% individual sports) from 40 countries answered a retrospective, cross-sectional, web-based questionnaire relating to their behavioral habits pre- and during- COVID-19 lockdown, including: (i) Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI); (ii) Insomnia severity index (ISI); bespoke questions about (iii) napping; and (iv) training behaviors. The association between dependent (PSQI and ISI) and independent variables (sleep, napping, and training behaviors) was determined with multiple regression and is reported as semi-partial correlation coefficient squared (in percentage). Results: 15% spent < one month, 27% spent 1-2 months and 58% spent > two months in lockdown. 29% self-reported maintaining the same training intensity during-lockdown whilst 71% reduced training intensity. PSQI (4.1±2.4 to 5.8±3.1; mean difference (MD): 1.7; 95% confidence interval of the difference (95% CI): 1.6 to 1.9) and ISI (5.1±4.7 to 7.7±6.4; MD: 2.6; 95% CI: 2.3 to 2.9) scores were higher during- compared to pre-lockdown, associated (all p<0.001) with longer sleep onset latency (PSQI: 28%; ISI: 23%), later bedtime (PSQI: 13%; ISI: 14%) and later preferred time of day to train (PSQI: 9%; ISI: 5%) during-lockdown. Those who reduced training intensity during-lockdown showed higher PSQI (p<0.001; MD: 1.25; 95% CI: 0.87 to 1.63) and ISI (p<0.001; MD: 2.5; 95% CI: 1.72 to 3.27) scores compared to those who maintained training intensity. Although the PSQI score was not affected by the lockdown duration, the ISI score was higher in athletes who spent > two months confined compared to those who spent < one month (p<0.001; MD: 1.28; 95% CI: 0.26 to 2.3). Conclusions: Reducing training intensity during the COVID-19-induced lockdown was associated with lower sleep quality and higher insomnia severity in elite athletes. Lockdown duration had further disrupting effects on elite athletes’ sleep behavior. These findings could be of relevance in future lockdown or lockdown-like situations (e.g., prolonged illness, injury, and quarantine after international travel). © 2022 Romdhani, Fullagar, Vitale, Nedelec, Rae, Ammar, Chtourou, Al-horani, BEN SAAD, Bragazzi, Donmez, Dergaa, DRISS, Farooq, Hammouda, Harroum, Hassanmirzaei, Khalladi, Khemila, Mataruna-Dos-Santos, Moussa-Chamari, Mujika, Muñoz Helú, Norouzi Fashkhami, Paineiras-Domingos, Rahbari Khaneghah, Saita, Souissi, Trabelsi, Washif, Weber, Zmijewski, Taylor, Garbarino and Chamari.
dc.description.sponsorshipOpen Access funding is provided by the University of Genoa, Italy.
dc.identifier.citationRomdhani, M., Fullagar, H.H.K., Vitale, J.A., Nedelec, M., Rae, D.E., Ammar, A., Chtourou, H., Al-horani, R.A., BEN SAAD, H., Bragazzi, N.L., Donmez, G., Dergaa, I., DRISS, T., Farooq, A., Hammouda, O., Harroum, N., Hassanmirzaei, B., Khalladi, K., Khemila, S., Mataruna-Dos-Santos, L.J., Moussa-Chamari, I., Mujika, I., Helú, H.M., Fashkhami, A.N., Paineiras-Domingos, L.L., Khaneghah, M.R., Saita, Y., Souissi, N., Trabelsi, K., Washif, J.A., Weber, J., Zmijewski, P., Taylor, L., Garbarino, S., & Chamari, K. (2022). Lockdown duration and training intensity affect sleep behavior in an international sample of 1454 elite athletes. Frontiers in Physiology, 13, 904778. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.904778
dc.identifier.issn1664-042X
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.904778
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12519/673
dc.language.isoen_US
dc.publisherFrontiers Media S.A.
dc.relationAuthors Affiliations : Romdhani, M., High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Sfax University, Sfax, Tunisia, Physical Activity, Sport and Health, UR18JS01, National Observatory of Sports, Tunis, Tunisia; Fullagar, H.H.K., School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Vitale, J.A., IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy; Nédélec, M., Research Unit, Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA7370), The French National Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France; Rae, D.E., Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Ammar, A., Institute of Sport Science, Otto-Von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany, Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology and Psychology: Physical Activity, Health and Learning (LINP2), UFR STAPS, UPL, Paris Nanterre University, Nanterre, France; Chtourou, H., High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Sfax University, Sfax, Tunisia, Physical Activity, Sport and Health, UR18JS01, National Observatory of Sports, Tunis, Tunisia; Al Horani, R.A., Department of Exercise Science, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan; Ben Saad, H., Laboratoire de Recherche (LR12SP09) “Insuffisance Cardiaque”, Hôpital Farhat HACHED, Faculté de Médecine de Sousse, Université de Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia; Bragazzi, N.L., Department of Health Sciences, Postgraduate School of Public Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy, Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada; Dönmez, G., Department of Sports Medicine, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey; Dergaa, I., Primary Health Care Corporation (PHCC), Doha, Qatar; Driss, T., Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology and Psychology: Physical Activity, Health and Learning (LINP2), UFR STAPS, UPL, Paris Nanterre University, Nanterre, France; Farooq, A., Aspetar, Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Doha, Qatar; Hammouda, O., Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology and Psychology: Physical Activity, Health and Learning (LINP2), UFR STAPS, UPL, Paris Nanterre University, Nanterre, France, Research Laboratory, Molecular Bases of Human Pathology, LR19ES13, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia; Harroum, N., School of Kinesiology and Physical Activity Science, Faculty of Medicine, Montreal University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Hassanmirzaei, B., Sports Medicine Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Iran Football Medical Assessment and Rehabilitation Center, IFMARC, FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Tehran, Iran; Khalladi, K., Aspetar, Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Doha, Qatar; Khemila, S., Physical Activity, Sport and Health, UR18JS01, National Observatory of Sports, Tunis, Tunisia, High Institute of Sports and Physical Education Ksar-Said, Manouba University, Manouba, Tunisia; Mataruna-Dos-Santos, L.J., Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Management, Canadian University of Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates, Coventry University—Centre for Trust, Peace and Social Relation, Coventry, United Kingdom; Moussa-Chamari, I., Physical Education Department, College of Education, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Mujika, I., Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain, Exercise Science Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile; Muñoz Helú, H., Department of Economic-Administrative Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, Culiacán, Mexico; Norouzi Fashkhami, A., Esteghlal Physiotherapy Clinic, EPC, Teheran, Iran; Paineiras-Domingos, L.L., Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Departamento de Fisioterapia, Instituto Multidisciplinar de Reabilitação e Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Khaneghah, M.R., Esteghlal Physiotherapy Clinic, EPC, Teheran, Iran; Saita, Y., Department of Sports and Regenerative Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; Souissi, N., Physical Activity, Sport and Health, UR18JS01, National Observatory of Sports, Tunis, Tunisia, High Institute of Sports and Physical Education Ksar-Said, Manouba University, Manouba, Tunisia; Trabelsi, K., High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Sfax University, Sfax, Tunisia, Research Laboratory: Education, Motricity, Sport and Health, EM2S, LR19JS01, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia; Washif, J.A., Sports Performance Division, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Weber, J., Neurocognition and Action—Biomechanics, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany, Institute for Sports Science, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Zmijewski, P., Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Taylor, L., School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Center for Sport and Exercise Medicine (NCSEM), Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom, Sport and Exercise Discipline Group, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, NSW, Australia; Garbarino, S., Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal-Infantile Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy, Post-Graduate School of Occupational Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy; Chamari, K., Aspetar, Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Doha, Qatar
dc.relation.ispartofseriesFrontiers in Physiology; Volume 13
dc.rightsCreative Commons Attribution License (CC BY)
dc.rights.holderCopyright: © 2022 Romdhani, Fullagar, Vitale, Nedelec, Rae, Ammar, Chtourou, Al-horani, BEN SAAD, Bragazzi, Donmez, Dergaa, DRISS, Farooq, Hammouda, Harroum, Hassanmirzaei, Khalladi, Khemila, Mataruna-Dos-Santos, Moussa-Chamari, Mujika, Muñoz Helú, Norouzi Fashkhami, Paineiras-Domingos, Rahbari Khaneghah, Saita, Souissi, Trabelsi, Washif, Weber, Zmijewski, Taylor, Garbarino and Chamari. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.subjectHighly-trained athletes
dc.subjectHome-confinement duration
dc.subjectpandemic (COVID19)
dc.subjecttraining load
dc.subjectSleep disturbance
dc.titleLockdown duration and training intensity affect sleep behavior in an international sample of 1454 elite athletes
dc.typeArticle
dspace.entity.type

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