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Item A statistical downscaling framework for environmental mapping(Springer New York LLC, 2019) Mwitondi, Kassim S.; Al-Kuwari, Farha A.; Saeed, Raed A.; Zargari, Shahrzad A.In recent years, knowledge extraction from data has become increasingly popular, with many numerical forecasting models, mainly falling into two major categories—chemical transport models (CTMs) and conventional statistical methods. However, due to data and model variability, data-driven knowledge extraction from high-dimensional, multifaceted data in such applications require generalisations of global to regional or local conditions. Typically, generalisation is achieved via mapping global conditions to local ecosystems and human habitats which amounts to tracking and monitoring environmental dynamics in various geographical areas and their regional and global implications on human livelihood. Statistical downscaling techniques have been widely used to extract high-resolution information from regional-scale variables produced by CTMs in climate model. Conventional applications of these methods are predominantly dimensional reduction in nature, designed to reduce spatial dimension of gridded model outputs without loss of essential spatial information. Their downside is twofold—complete dependence on unlabelled design matrix and reliance on underlying distributional assumptions. We propose a novel statistical downscaling framework for dealing with data and model variability. Its power derives from training and testing multiple models on multiple samples, narrowing down global environmental phenomena to regional discordance through dimensional reduction and visualisation. Hourly ground-level ozone observations were obtained from various environmental stations maintained by the US Environmental Protection Agency, covering the summer period (June–August 2005). Regional patterns of ozone are related to local observations via repeated runs and performance assessment of multiple versions of empirical orthogonal functions or principal components and principal fitted components via an algorithm with fully adaptable parameters. We demonstrate how the algorithm can be extended to weather-dependent and other applications with inherent data randomness and model variability via its built-in interdisciplinary computational power that connects data sources with end-users. © 2018, The Author(s).Item Role of statisticians in building the UAE knowledge economy(University of Salento, 2019) Hijazi, Rafiq; Saeed, Raed; Alfaki, IbrahimThis paper provides an overview of the use of statistics in the workplace in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), and the role statistics and statisticians play in the country's endeavors to transform to a KE. The paper further elucidates the gap between statistics education and the labor market needs. Information are garnered from a sample of 104 statisticians and practition- ers with related backgrounds on several issues covering the level of statistical practice in the country, training and professional development and the role statisticians play in supporting research and decision making. Evidence re- veals a growing recognition of the role of statistics in the country. Several limitations, however, were noted including increased shortages in supply of statisticians and a lack of indepth professional training in traditional and emerging statistics topics together with a lack of quality research output. © Università del Salento.Item A robust domain partitioning intrusion detection method(Elsevier Ltd, 2019-10) Mwitondi, Kassim S.; Said, Raed A.; Zargari, Shahrzad A.The capacity for data mining algorithms to learn rules from data is influenced by, inter-alia, the random nature of training and test data as well as by the diversity of domain partitioning models. Isolating normal from malicious data traffic across networks is one regular task that is naturally affected by that randomness and diversity. We propose a robust algorithm Sample-Measure-Assess (SMA) that detects intrusion based on rules learnt from multiple samples. We adapt data obtained from a set of simulations, capturing data attributes identifiable by number of bytes, destination and source of packets, protocol and nature of data flows (normal and abnormal) as well IP addresses. A fixed sample of 82,332 observations on 27 variables was drawn from a superset of 2.54 million observations on 49 variables and multiple samples were then repeatedly extracted from the former and used to train and test multiple versions of classifiers, via the algorithm. With two class labels–binary and multi-class, the dataset presents a classic example of masked and spurious groupings, making an ideal case for concept learning. The algorithm learns a model for the underlying distributions of the samples and it provides mechanics for model assessment. The settings account for our method's novelty–i.e., ability to learn concept rules from highly masked to highly spurious cases while observing model robustness. A comparative analysis of Random Forests and individually grown trees show that we can circumvent the former's dependence on multicollinearity of the trees and their individual strength in the forest by proceeding from dimensional reduction to classification using individual trees. Given data of similar structure, the algorithm can order the models in terms of optimality which, means our work can contribute towards understanding the concept of normal and malicious flows across tools. The algorithm yields results that are less sensitive to violated distributional assumptions and, hence, it yields robust parameters and provides a generalisation that can be monitored and adapted to specific low levels of variability. We discuss its potential for deployment with other classifiers and potential for extension into other applications, simply by adapting the objectives to specific conditions. © 2019Item THE CHALLENGES FACING PUBLIC ORGANIZATIONS TO IMPLEMENT HUMAN RESOURCES INFORMATION SYSTEMS: A CASE STUDY OF ALGERIA(Allied Business Academies, 2020-09) Chabani, ZakariyaThe purpose of this research is to identify the managerial purposes, benefits and challenges of HRIS implementation within public organizations to better understand how such technologies affect the capacity of the HR department to conduct effective and efficient work. This research is part of a constructivist epistemological approach. To achieve the main goal of the study, data were collected primarily via a semi-directive interview conducted at one of the biggest public companies in Algeria in 2018. In addition to the questionnaire, some of the organization's documents were used in combination with observations that allowed the researcher to confirm some of the data collected from the questionnaire. The management of the case study organization well understands the importance of HRISs. Thus, the management decided to implement the system. Although the implementation was successful, the management faced some problems, such as resistance to change from users in various divisions. Therefore, we can conclude that HRISs may contribute to enhancing the performance of HR departments and improving management processes. However, to ensure performance, the implementation must take place under the best possible conditions. Otherwise, the HRIS is no longer be an advantage but rather a significant cost. This is one of the few studies investigating the role of HRIS implementation in improving the HR department and management processes within a public organization. Due to the very specific characteristics of such organizations, which vary with regard to flexibility, bureaucratic attitude, resistance to change, etc., implementing HRISs can be very challenging. © 2020. All Rights Reserved.Item The Impact of Entrepreneurial Culture on Economy Competitiveness in the Arab Region(Allied Business Academies, 2021) Chabani, ZakariyaThe main emphasis of this study was assessing to what scope entrepreneurial culture among Arab counties affects the overall regional competitiveness of the MENA region. Data from each country were first solely analyzed then grouped by its subsequent trading blocks. An average assertion of the combined data was granted in the bid of assessing any entrepreneurial cultures. The entrepreneurial culture analysis of the countries and regions within the study were based on the time span through which the referenced entrepreneurial activity has been dominant and the education level of stakeholder. Most Arab countries have the same entrepreneurial structure and economic competitiveness despite various external factors affecting them. The results also revealed that the relationship between each country's internal economic competitiveness and the overall posture of the Arab region is positive. Besides, the relationship between dominant entrepreneurial cultures and the overall economic posture of the Arab region is also statistically confirmed. Much of the past studies failed to include and relate the external factors like the growing entrepreneurial cultures among states and regions. Basing conclusions on one region while others could convey disparities was regraded rather impractical. As such, to affirm the validity of conclusions; The relationship between the Economic Community of West Africa (ECOWAS) and North African countries from one part, and the Association of Southern Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the other Arab countries from another hand, had to be taken into consideration. © 2021. All Rights Reserved.Item An iomt-enabled smart healthcare model to monitor elderly people using machine learning technique(Hindawi Limited, 2021) Khan, Muhammad Farrukh; Ghazal, Taher M.; Said, Raed A.; Fatima, Areej; Abbas, Sagheer; Khan, M.A.; Issa, Ghassan F.; Ahmad, Munir; Khan, Muhammad AdnanThe Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) enables digital devices to gather, infer, and broadcast health data via the cloud platform. The phenomenal growth of the IoMT is fueled by many factors, including the widespread and growing availability of wearables and the ever-decreasing cost of sensor-based technology. The cost of related healthcare will rise as the global population of elderly people grows in parallel with an overall life expectancy that demands affordable healthcare services, solutions, and developments. IoMT may bring revolution in the medical sciences in terms of the quality of healthcare of elderly people while entangled with machine learning (ML) algorithms. The effectiveness of the smart healthcare (SHC) model to monitor elderly people was observed by performing tests on IoMT datasets. For evaluation, the precision, recall, fscore, accuracy, and ROC values are computed. The authors also compare the results of the SHC model with different conventional popular ML techniques, e.g., support vector machine (SVM), K-nearest neighbor (KNN), and decision tree (DT), to analyze the effectiveness of the result. © 2021 Muhammad Farrukh Khan et al.Item A framework for data-driven solutions with covid-19 illustrations(Ubiquity Press, 2021) Mwitondi, Kassim S.; Said, Raed A.Data–driven solutions have long been keenly sought after as tools for driving the world’s fast changing business environment, with business leaders seeking to enhance decision making processes within their organisations. In the current era of Big Data, applications of data tools in addressing global, regional and national challenges have steadily grown in almost all fields across the globe. However, working in silos has continued to impede research progress, creating knowledge gaps and challenges across geographical borders, legislations, sectors and fields. There are many examples of the challenges the world faces in tackling global issues, including the complex interactions of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) and the spatio–temporal variations of the impact of the on-going COVID–19 pandemic. Both challenges can be seen as non–orthogonal, strongly correlated and requiring an interdisciplinary approach to address. We present a generic framework for filling such gaps, based on two data-driven algorithms that combine data, machine learning and interdisciplinarity to bridge societal knowledge gaps. The novelty of the algorithms derives from their robust built–in mechanics for handling data randomness. Animation applications on structured COVID–19 related data obtained from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) and the UK Office of National Statistics exhibit great potentials for decision-support systems. Predictive findings are based on unstructured data–a large COVID–19 X–Ray data, 3181 image files, obtained from GitHub and Kaggle. Our results exhibit consistent performance across samples, resonating with cross-disciplinary discussions on novel paths for data-driven interdisciplinary research. © 2021, Ubiquity Press. All rights reserved.Item Performances of k-means clustering algorithm with different distance metrics(Tech Science Press, 2021) Ghazal, Taher M.; Hussain, Muhammad Zahid; Said, Raed A.; Nadeem, Afrozah; Hasan, Mohammad Kamrul; Ahmad, Munir; Khan, Muhammad Adnan; Naseem, Muhammad TahirClustering is the process of grouping the data based on their similar properties. Meanwhile, it is the categorization of a set of data into similar groups (clusters), and the elements in each cluster share similarities, where the similarity between elements in the same cluster must be smaller enough to the similarity between elements of different clusters. Hence, this similarity can be considered as a distance measure. One of the most popular clustering algorithms is K-means, where distance is measured between every point of the dataset and centroids of clusters to find similar data objects and assign them to the nearest cluster. Further, there are a series of distance metrics that can be applied to calculate point-to-point distances. In this research, the K-means clustering algorithm is evaluated with three different mathematical metrics in terms of execution time with different datasets and different numbers of clusters. The results indicate that the implementation of Manhattan distance measure metrics achieves the best results in most cases. These results also demonstrate that distance metrics can affect the execution time and the number of clusters created by the K-means algorithm. © 2021, Tech Science Press. All rights reserved.Item Edge AI-Based Automated Detection and Classification of Road Anomalies in VANET Using Deep Learning(Hindawi Limited, 2021) Bibi, Rozi; Saeed, Yousaf; Zeb, Asim; Ghazal, Taher M.; Rahman, Taj; Said, Raed A.; Abbas, Sagheer; Ahmad, Munir; Khan, Muhammad AdnanRoad surface defects are crucial problems for safe and smooth traffic flow. Due to climate changes, low quality of construction material, large flow of traffic, and heavy vehicles, road surface anomalies are increasing rapidly. Detection and repairing of these defects are necessary for the safety of drivers, passengers, and vehicles from mechanical faults. In this modern era, autonomous vehicles are an active research area that controls itself with the help of in-vehicle sensors without human commands, especially after the emergence of deep learning (DNN) techniques. A combination of sensors and DNN techniques can be useful for unmanned vehicles for the perception of their surroundings for the detection of tracks and obstacles for smooth traveling based on the deployment of artificial intelligence in vehicles. One of the biggest challenges for autonomous vehicles is to avoid the critical road defects that may lead to dangerous situations. To solve the accident issues and share emergency information, the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) introduced the concept of vehicular network termed as vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) for achieving security and safety in a traffic flow. A novel mechanism is proposed for the automatic detection of road anomalies by autonomous vehicles and providing road information to upcoming vehicles based on Edge AI and VANET. Road images captured via camera and deployment of the trained model for road anomaly detection in a vehicle could help to reduce the accident rate and risk of hazards on poor road conditions. The techniques Residual Convolutional Neural Network (ResNet-18) and Visual Geometry Group (VGG-11) are applied for the automatic detection and classification of the road with anomalies such as a pothole, bump, crack, and plain roads without anomalies using the dataset from different online sources. The results show that the applied models performed well than other techniques used for road anomalies identification. © 2021 Rozi Bibi et al.Item Modeling habit patterns using conditional reflexes in agency(Tech Science Press, 2021) Khan, Qura-Tul-Ain; Ghazal, Taher M.; Abbas, Sagheer; Khan, Wasim Ahmad; Khan, Muhammad Adnan; Said, Raed A.; Ahmad, Munir; Asif, MuhammadFor decision-making and behavior dynamics in humans, the principal focus is on cognition. Cognition can be described using cognitive behavior, which has multiple states. This cognitive behavior can be incorporated with one of the internal mental states’ help, which includes desires, beliefs, emotions, intentions, different levels of knowledge, goals, skills, etc. That leads to habit development. Habits are highly refined patterns formed in the unconscious that evolve from conscious skill patterns in the human, and the same process can be implemented in the agency. These habit patterns are the outcomes of many internal values that may vary due to variations in parameter values forming these patterns. Fluctuations in the individual agent’s conditional reflexes may subject to strong habit patterns and leads to rationality. This paper presents the modeling of habit patterns in agency using conditional reflexes. Learning patterns, limited reflex patterns, skill patterns are working as main parameters for generating habit patterns. These input and output parameters will be validated using a scenario by applying fuzzy logic cascade techniques in which validation occurs at two levels. At the first level, conditional reflexes and initial patterns are applied, which form the output’s skill patterns. Then these skill patterns are interconnected with each other to form habit patterns. © 2021, Tech Science Press. All rights reserved.Item Energy-efficiency model for residential buildings using supervised machine learning algorithm(Tech Science Press, 2021) Aslam, Muhammad Shoukat; Ghazal, Taher M.; Fatima, Areej; Said, Raed A.; Abbas, Sagheer; Khan, Muhammad Adnan; Siddiqui, Shahan Yamin; Ahmad, MunirThe real-time management and control of heating-system networks in residential buildings has tremendous energy-saving potential, and accurate load prediction is the basis for system monitoring. In this regard, selecting the appro-priate input parameters is the key to accurate heating-load forecasting. In existing models for forecasting heating loads and selecting input parameters, with an increase in the length of the prediction cycle, the heating-load rate gradually decreases, and the influence of the outside temperature gradually increases. In view of different types of solutions for improving buildings’ energy efficiency, this study proposed a Energy-efficiency model for residential buildings based on gradient descent optimization (E2B-GDO). This model can predict a building’s heating-load conservation based on a building energy performance dataset. The input layer includes area (distribution of the glazing area, wall area, and surface area), relative density, and overall elevation. The proposed E2B-GDO model achieved an accuracy of 99.98% for training and 98.00% for validation. © 2021, Tech Science Press. All rights reserved.Item Dealing with randomness and concept drift in large datasets(MDPI AG, 2021-07) Mwitondi, Kassim S.; Said, Raed A.Data-driven solutions to societal challenges continue to bring new dimensions to our daily lives. For example, while good-quality education is a well-acknowledged foundation of sustainable development, innovation and creativity, variations in student attainment and general performance remain commonplace. Developing data-driven solutions hinges on two fronts-technical and appli-cation. The former relates to the modelling perspective, where two of the major challenges are the impact of data randomness and general variations in definitions, typically referred to as concept drift in machine learning. The latter relates to devising data-driven solutions to address real-life challenges such as identifying potential triggers of pedagogical performance, which aligns with the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) #4-Quality Education. A total of 3145 pedagogical data points were obtained from the central data collection platform for the United Arab Emirates (UAE) Ministry of Education (MoE). Using simple data visualisation and machine learning techniques via a generic algorithm for sampling, measuring and assessing, the paper highlights research pathways for educa-tionists and data scientists to attain unified goals in an interdisciplinary context. Its novelty derives from embedded capacity to address data randomness and concept drift by minimising modelling variations and yielding consistent results across samples. Results show that intricate relationships among data attributes describe the invariant conditions that practitioners in the two overlapping fields of data science and education must identify. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.Item Measurement of antioxidant capacity of meat and meat products: Methods and applications(MDPI AG, 2021-07-01) Echegaray, Noemí; Pateiro, Mirian; Munekata, Paulo E. S.; Lorenzo, José M.; Chabani, Zakariya; Farag, Mohamed A.; Domínguez, RubénAt present, a wide variety of analytical methods is available to measure antioxidant capacity. However, this great diversity is not reflected in the analysis of meat and meat products, as there are a limited number of studies on determining this parameter in this complex food matrix. Despite this, and due to the interest in antioxidants that prevent oxidation reactions, the identification of antioxidants in meat and meat products is of special importance to the meat industry. For this reason, this review compiled the main antioxidant capacity assays employed in meat and meat products, to date, describing their foundations, and showing both their advantages and limitations. This review also looked at the different applications of antioxidant properties in meat and meat products. In this sense, the suitability of using these methodologies has been demonstrated in different investigations. © 2021 by the authors.Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.Item Skin Cancer Detection and Classification Based on Deep Learning(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2022) Said, Raed A.; Raza, Hammad; Muneer, Salman; Amjad, Kamran; Mohammed, Abdul Salam; Akbar, Syed Shehryar; Zonain, Muhammad; Aslam, Muhammad ArslanItem Application of Higher-Order Ordinary Differential Equation Model in Financial Investment Stock Price Forecast(Sciendo, 2022) Zhang, Liqin; Tian, Xiaojing; Chabani, ZakariyaIn order to improve the efficiency of dynamic system prediction modelling, this paper proposes a predictive model based on high-order normal differential equations to obtain an explicit model. The high-order constant differential equation model is reduced, and the numerical method is used to solve the predictive value. The results show that the method achieves the synchronisation of model establishment and parameter optimisation, in addition to greatly enhancing the modelling efficiency. © 2021 Zhang et al., published by Sciendo.Item Application of Computational Intelligence and Machine Learning to Conventional Operational Research Methods(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2022) Ali, Atif; Said, Raed A.; Rizwan, Hafiz Muhammad Amir; Shehzad, Khurram; Naz, ImranMachine learning and computational intelligence are two methods for achieving this (CI); traditional operational research methods are combined with machine learning-based computational techniques (OR). Students can handle complex decision-making problems thanks to the synergy between those methods and techniques. This research's primary goal is to present and demonstrate potential connections amid the two computational arenas. Using applications, we show how machine learning techniques like fuzzy logic, neural networks and reinforcement learning can be combined to provide a simpler solution to more complex problems than traditional OR methods., which is a research contribution in and of itself. © 2022 IEEE.Item Prediction of diabetes empowered with fused machine learning(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2022) Ahmed, Usama; Issa, Ghassan F.; Khan, Muhammad Adnan; Aftab, Shabib; Khan, Muhammad Farhan; Said, Raed A. T.; Ghazal, Taher M.; Ahmad, MunirIn the medical field, it is essential to predict diseases early to prevent them. Diabetes is one of the most dangerous diseases all over the world. In modern lifestyles, sugar and fat are typically present in our dietary habits, which have increased the risk of diabetes. To predict the disease, it is extremely important to understand its symptoms. Currently, machine-learning (ML) algorithms are valuable for disease detection. This article presents a model using a fused machine learning approach for diabetes prediction. The conceptual framework consists of two types of models: Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models. These models analyze the dataset to determine whether a diabetes diagnosis is positive or negative. The dataset used in this research is divided into training data and testing data with a ratio of 70:30 respectively. The output of these models becomes the input membership function for the fuzzy model, whereas the fuzzy logic finally determines whether a diabetes diagnosis is positive or negative. A cloud storage system stores the fused models for future use. Based on the patient’s real-time medical record, the fused model predicts whether the patient is diabetic or not. The proposed fused ML model has a prediction accuracy of 94.87, which is higher than the previously published methods. AuthorItem Classification of Skin Cancer empowered with convolutional neural network(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2022) Atta, Ayesha; Khan, Muhammad Adnan; Asif, Muhammad; Issa, Ghassan F.; Said, Raed A.; Faiz, TauqeerItem Detection of Benign and Malignant Tumors in Skin Empowered with Transfer Learning(Hindawi Limited, 2022) Ghazal, Taher M.; Hussain, Sajid; Khan, Muhammad Farhan; Khan, Muhammad Adnan; Said, Raed A. T.; Ahmad, MunirSkin cancer is a major type of cancer with rapidly increasing victims all over the world. It is very much important to detect skin cancer in the early stages. Computer-developed diagnosis systems helped the physicians to diagnose disease, which allows appropriate treatment and increases the survival ratio of patients. In the proposed system, the classification problem of skin disease is tackled. An automated and reliable system for the classification of malignant and benign tumors is developed. In this system, a customized pretrained Deep Convolutional Neural Network (DCNN) is implemented. The pretrained AlexNet model is customized by replacing the last layers according to the proposed system problem. The softmax layer is modified according to binary classification detection. The proposed system model is well trained on malignant and benign tumors skin cancer dataset of 1920 images, where each class contains 960 images. After good training, the proposed system model is validated on 480 images, where the size of images of each class is 240. The proposed system model is analyzed using the following parameters: accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, Positive Predicted Values (PPV), Negative Predicted Value (NPV), False Positive Ratio (FPR), False Negative Ratio (FNR), Likelihood Ratio Positive (LRP), and Likelihood Ratio Negative (LRN). The accuracy achieved through the proposed system model is 87.1%, which is higher than traditional methods of classification. © 2022 Taher M.Item Energy demand forecasting using fused machine learning approaches(Tech Science Press, 2022) Ghazal, Taher M.; Noreen, Sajida; Said, Raed A.; Khan, Muhammad Adnan; Siddiqui, Shahan Yamin; Abbas, Sagheer; Aftab, Shabib; Ahmad, MunirThe usage of IoT-based smart meter in electric power consumption shows a significant role in helping the users to manage and control their electric power consumption. It produces smooth communication to build equitable electric power distribution for users and improved management of the entire electric system for providers. Machine learning predicting algorithms have been worked to apply the electric efficiency and response of progressive energy creation, trans-mission, and consumption. In the proposed model, an IoT-based smart meter uses a support vector machine and deep extreme machine learning techniques for professional energy management. A deep extreme machine learning approach applied to feature-based data provided a better result. Lastly, decision-based fusion applied to both datasets to predict power consumption through smart meters and get better results than previous techniques. The established model smart meter with automatic load control increases the effectiveness of energy management. The proposed EDF-FMLA model achieved 90.70 accuracy for predicting energy consumption with a smart meter which is better than the existing approaches. © 2022, Tech Science Press. All rights reserved.