CUD Digital Repository :: Browsing by Author "Touati, Farid"

Browsing by Author "Touati, Farid"

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A 3G/WiFi-enabled 6LoWPAN-based U-healthcare system for ubiquitous real-time monitoring and data logging
(IEEE Computer Society, 2014) Tabish, Rohan; Ghaleb, Abdulaziz M.; Hussein, Rima; Touati, Farid; Mnaouer, Adel Ben; Khriji, Lazhar; Rasid, Mohd Fadlee A.
Ubiquitous healthcare (U-healthcare) systems are expected to offer flexible and resilient high-end technological solutions enabling remote monitoring of patients health status in real-time and provisioning of feedback and remote actions by healthcare providers. In this paper, we present a 6LowPAN based U-healthcare platform that contributes to the realization of the above expectation. The proposed system comprises two sensor nodes sending temperature data and ECG signals to a remote processing unit. These sensors are being assigned an IPv6 address to enable the Internet-of-Things (IoT) functionality. A 6LowPAN-enabled edge router, connected to a PC, is serving as a base station through a serial interface, to collect data from the sensor nodes. Furthermore, a program interfacing through a Serial-Line-Internet-Protocol (SLIP) and running on the PC provides a network interface that receives IPv6 packets from the edge router. The above system is enhanced by having the application save readings from the sensors into a file that can be downloaded by a remote server using a free Cloud service such as UbuntuOne. This enhancement makes the system robust against data loss especially for outdoor healthcare services, where the 3G/4G connectivity may get lost because of signal quality fluctuations. The system provided a proof of concept of successful remote U-healthcare monitoring illustrating the IoT functionality and involving 3G/4G connectivity while being enhanced by a cloud-based backup. © 2014 IEEE.
An Autonomous Multi-Variable Outdoor Air Quality Mapping Wireless Sensors IoT Node for Qatar
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2020-06) Tariq, Hasan; Abdaoui, Abderrazak; Touati, Farid; Al-Hitmi, Mohammed Abdulla E; Crescini, Damiano; Mnaouer, Adel Ben
In all outdoor long haul air quality monitoring and mapping applications, sensing accuracy, the sustainability of telemetry, and resilience in node systems and operation are major challenges. The severity of these challenges varies depending on the moderateness and harshness of the climate of observation. In this work, an autonomous environmentally powered, sensors self-diagnostic/calibration, and context-aware IoT-based telemetry for multi-variable sensing node is being proposed. In this node, photo-voltaic and piezoelectric energy harvesters contributed to self-calibration and sustainable measurement of temperature (in °C), humidity (in %), pressure (in bar), geo-position (in NMEA format), volatile organic compounds-VOC (in ppm), particulate matter PM (in ppm), ozone (in Dobson Unit), Carbon mono-oxide (in ppm), Nitrogen dioxide (in ppm), and Sulphur dioxide (in ppm). Results have shown that the proposed system worked autonomously for days and optimized the real-time air quality mapping for the chosen geo-spatial cluster, i.e. Qatar University. © 2020 IEEE.
A comparative analysis of BLE and 6LoWPAN for U-HealthCare applications
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2013) Tabish, Rohan; Mnaouer, Adel Ben; Touati, Farid; Ghaleb, Abdulaziz M.
For decades, there exist a variety of low-power wireless technologies deployed for healthcare applications such as Zigbee/IEEE802.15.4, Bluetooth, ANT, NFC, IrDA. However, the recently announced Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) technology claims to offer many new compelling features and is expected to get wide adoption by many mobile manufacturers around the world and hence be included in daily life mobile devices. Therefore, it is important to provide future adopters with a thorough yet insightful evaluation of this technology as contrasted to competing ones in the market today. In this paper, we present such evaluation from an experimental point of view as well as referring to technical specifications from manufacturers. The discussion is geared toward assessing the extent to which theses technologies can meet the stringent requirements for u-healthcare applicability. BLE and 6LoWPAN showed greater potentials for such applicability in terms of power demand, bit rate and latency. Nevertheless, BLE was found to be most robust to obstacles and was operable using single coin cell. © 2013 IEEE.
Design and Implementation of Cadastral Geo-spatial IoT Network Gateway Analyzer for Urban Scale Infrastructure Health Monitoring
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2020-01) Tariq, Hasan; Abdaoui, Abderrazak; Touati, Farid; Al-Hitmi, Mohammed Abdulla E; Crescini, Damiano; Mnaouer, Adel Ben
Urban and global scale health monitoring systems have gained significance in digital ecosystems. Every stakeholder is striving for efficiency through performance analysis of digital infrastructure health monitoring (IHM) solutions. In this work, a geospatial network analyzer (GNA) is designed and implemented in python using the synergic strengths of Plotly, NetworkX, Scipy, Numpy, MatplotLib, Network2tikz, Pysocks, and PyPing. The GNA uses as a case study a utility computing model (UCM) to make structural health monitoring (SHM) that is based on analysis of geographical area network (GAN). A geo-distributed SHM deployment is assessed from a network performance perspective and verified from geo-spatial packet processing in GNA. The results have shown that this work can lead to standardizing the future of global-scale IoT networks analytics. © 2020 IEEE.
Design and implementation of information centered protocol for long haul SHM monitoring
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2019) Tariq, Hasan; Touati, Farid; Al-Hitmi, Mohammed Abdulla E.; Crescini, Damiano; Mnaouer, Adel Ben
In structural health monitoring systems (SHM), robust data transmission is the fundamental constraint. In this work, an information centered protocol is being proposed for multi-sensor and multi-variable communication channels in (SHM). The core objective is communication traffic optimization, data streams compression, bottleneck compensation for seamless information system. A novel SHM hierarchical information model has been designed and implemented using addressing taxonomy and domain definitions accumulated with data segments, beacons and flags-handshaking. On both ends of an SHM channel, a SQLite based encoding and decoding preprocessor is implemented, which requires the use of serial protocols such as CANopen, UART, 12C and SPI. Results have shown that the proposed system optimizes traffic monitoring in handling critical situations of dynamic baud rate switching. © 2019 IEEE.
Design and Implementation of Multi-Protocol Data Networks Interface Detector in Heterogeneous IoTs
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2020-02) Tariq, Hasan; Abdaoui, Abderrazak; Touati, Farid; Al-Hitmi, Mohammed Abdulla E; Crescini, Damiano; Manouer, Adel Ben
In Internet of Everything (IoE) or heterogeneous IoTs, there exist a plethora of protocols and inter-connected Internet of Things. For every network protocol, the complexity of communication and wiring at the physical interface becomes more and more challenging. In this work, an automated interface detector (or gateway) is proposed using a novel port, that scans the physical layer parameters, interpolates with Electronic Industry Association/Telecommunication Industry Association (EIA/TIA) standards specification parameters and compares packet format initiates communication. In this approach, line impedance, voltage, current, SNR, power, and network capacity are used as the coefficients of merit for physical layer detection by interpolation and averaging methods. Standard packet architectures are the key parameters for communication initiation and network fastening at both ends of the data line. The serial protocols such as CANopen, Ethernet, UART, I2C, and SPI are tested and verified. Results have shown that the proposed system can detect any physical layer interface and initiate a data network regardless of connector pinouts and interface wiring complexities. The implementation results exhibit a fertile resource for redundancy handling in-line parameters of data networks. © 2020 IEEE.
Design and implementation of programmable multi-parametric 4-degrees of freedom seismic waves ground motion simulation IoT platform
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2019) Tariq, Hasan; Touati, Farid; Al-Hitmi, Mohammed Abdulla E.; Crescini, Damiano; Mnaouer, Adel Ben
The early warning and disaster management agencies spend billions of dollars to counter and cater earthquakes but it has always been unique accident. In this work, a programmable four degrees of freedom electromechanical seismic wave events simulation platform design is being proposed to study and experiment seismic waves and earthquakes realization in form of ground motions. The platform can be programmed and interfaced through an IoT cloud-based Web application. The rig has been tested in the range of frequencies of extreme seismic waves from 0.1Hz to 178Hz and terrestrial inclinations from -5.000° to 5.000°, which is key contribution of this work. This would be an enabler for a variety of applications such as training self-balancing and calibrating seismic resistant designs and structures in addition to studying and testing seismic detection devices. Nevertheless, it serves as an adequate training colossus for machine learning algorithms and event management expert systems. © 2019 IEEE.
Design and simulation of a green bi-variable mono-parametric SHM node and early seismic warning algorithm for wave identification and scattering
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2018) Touati, Farid; Tariq, Hasan; Crescini, Damiano; Mnaouer, Adel Ben
Early seismic warning systems are key for safe future scalable infrastructures. In this work, a dual variable i.e. vibration and line of sight (LOS) based structure health monitoring (SHM) node is designed to sense tilt angle for early seismic warning and wave scattering detection. The SHM node, consisting of high-precision five bi-axis tiltmeters and five Blue-Violet laser diodes transmitter/receiver/reflector(LDTRR) assembly, has been designed and simulated in Proteus 7ISIS, MATLAB 7 and drafted in AutoCAD. In AutoCAD, a four LDTRR assembly is oriented at the bottom of building and its four co-planer reflectors have been orthogonally placed at effective radii with respect to the characteristic wavelengths of P, S, and Rayleigh whilst Love seismic waves, and one reflector is placed at the bottom of building. PV umbrella with a Li-ion battery has been used for green ergonomic shape. The time plots from real tiltmeter sensor nodes and data acquired from the proposed SHM node show similar behavior and results. The derived parameters of wavelength S, i.e. seismic parameter F,varied linearly from safe to hazardous seismic conditions. The variation from safe seismic to hazardous seismic transition of randomly simulated environment, also varied network traffic in GPS module as per defined threshold of sensor variables in Proteus ISIS Electronics Design Automation (EDA) engine. As per early warning evaluation functions (EWEF), the proposed design for early seismic warning algorithm (ESWA) can be a cost-effective analytics resource for any scalable SHM solution for observation range within 5km+ radius at low cost and 20km at moderate/high cost. © 2018 IEEE.
Development of prototype for IoT and IoE scalable infrastructures, architectures and platforms
(Springer Verlag, 2018) Touati, Farid; Tariq, Hasan; Crescini, Damiano; Mnaouer, Adel Ben
IoT is the third wave of economy after the first and second being agriculture and industry, respectively, paving the way for the fourth industrial revolution (4IR). IoT is a combination of all the revolutionary technologies in the last two decades. More than a billion of smart devices have been developed across the world by more than 10 vendors to satisfy billions of needs that are trusted by 98% of economic actors. This study describes design and implementation of IoT architectures stressing on scalability, integration, and interoperability of heterogeneous IoT systems. It gives answers to (i) how systems can be designed to become easily configurable and customizable for a specific IoT infrastructure? And (ii) how Investors, producers and consumers can be integrated on the same page of an IoT platform? We have developed a master database and directories from top chart IoT nomenclature, frameworks, vendors, devices, platforms and architectures and integrated data from 27 big online resources commonly used by Forbes, Businessweek and CNBC. Also, datasheets of IoT equipment by vendors (e.g. Intel, IBM, ARM, Microchip, Schneider, and CISCO), used tools (e.g. Labcenter Proteus, AutoCAD and Excel), and platforms (e.g. Visual Studio, Eclipse) are combined to build directories of plethora of data. The main outcome of this work culminates in providing a seamless solution and recommendations for various infrastructures (hardware and software) for effective and integrated resource utilization and management in a new IoT paradigm. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2018.
EAMP-AIDC - energy-aware mac protocol with adaptive individual duty cycle for EH-WSN
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2017) Bouachir, Ons; Mnaouer, Adel Ben; Touati, Farid; Crescini, Damiano
Network lifetime is the main issue of wireless sensor networks and IoT solutions in real world application. Sensors cannot have an infinite lifetime without battery recharge or replacement. Energy harvesting, from environmental energy sources, is a promising technology to provide sustainable powering for WSN. However, based on harvesting opportunities, nodes power may alternate between two states: a state with sufficient residual power and another with shortage in power. Hence, it is paramount to develop robust networking platforms that are energy-harvesting-aware and that support low-energy consumption and data integrity in a noisy, variable environment. In this paper, we present the EAMP-AIDC protocol, an energy aware MAC protocol for EH-WSN based on individual duty cycle optimization. It takes into consideration nodes' residual energy and application and data requirements in order to define individual dynamic duty cycles (Active and sleep periods) that allow to create a balanced load in term of cooperative data relaying tasks and in terms of energy consumption between the different participating nodes so as to ensure continuous network operation. The proposed protocol was evaluated using the network simulator OMNET++ and was compared to the standard IEEE 802.15.4 MAC. The results showed that EAMP-AIDC protocol outperformed the IEEE 802.15.4 standard in term of better energy consumption, increased survivability in energy savings and in guaranteeing continuous operations. © 2017 IEEE.
Energy Efficient Real time Outdoor Air Quality Monitoring System
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2020-06) Abdaoui, Abderrazak; Ahmad, Sabbir H.M.; Tariq, Hasan; Touati, Farid; Mnaouer, Adel Ben; Al-Hitmi, Mohammed
Outdoor air quality monitoring (OAQM) is of great importance to human health and environment. Engineers and researchers are increasingly focusing their efforts on the design of real-time OAQM systems using wireless sensor networks. This paper presents an OAQM system enabling measurement of CO2, CO, Cl2, ambient temperature, and relative humidity. In our system, remote users usually employ a local gateway to connect wireless sensor nodes to the external world. In this work, the gateway processes the collected air quality data and transmits the useful data to end-users through a web-server. The nodes are self sustainable as they are equipped with a solar panel and a rechargeable Lithim-ion 2W 3.7V battery. © 2020 IEEE.
Environmentally powered multiparametric wireless sensor node for air quality diagnostic
(M Y U Scientific Publishing Division, 2015) Touati, Farid; Legena, Claudio; Galli, Alessio; Crescini, Damiano; Mnaouer, Adel Ben
Sensor networks dedicated to environmental monitoring have helped in the analysis of primal processes and have also provided vital hazard early warnings. At the same time, environmental energy is now becoming a popular workable energy source dedicated to embedded and wireless computing systems where manual recharging and/or replacement of hundreds or even thousands of batteries on a regular basis is not practical. In this paper, we present a sensor node (SENNO), a multiparametric sensor node that intelligently manages energy transfer for perpetual operation without human intervention during air quality monitoring. The overall system design and experimental results are presented together with energy budget allocation. Preliminary results demonstrate that, after a tailored calibration process, the presented platform could effectively report and trace air quality levels in a type of "set and forget" scenario.
An experimental performance evaluation and compatibility study of the bluetooth low energy based platform for ECG monitoring in WBANs
(Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2015) Touati, Farid; Erdene‐Ochir, Ochirkhand; Mehmood, Waiser; Hassan, Ammad; Mnaouer, Adel Ben; Gaabab, Brahim; Rasid, Mohd Fadlee A.; Khriji, Lazhar
A long term healthcare monitoring system requires battery operated devices with low-power technologies. Researchers tried to adapt various short-range technologies for Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) in ubiquitous health monitoring. The classical Bluetooth is known for its greedy power consumption, IrDA and NFC require line-of-sight conditions, and ANT has weak coexistence features and interference issues. A typical choice remains ZigBee/6LoWPAN over IEEE 802.15.4 based solutions in WBANs because of their low-power consumption. However, the recently proposed Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) announced more compelling features in various aspects. Only few studies have been published supporting these claims on BLE. In this paper, we present a BLE based remote healthcare monitoring platform and we study its compatibility for ECG monitoring. ECG data requires continuous and real-time transmissions, making it particularly challenging for resource constrained devices. In our system, a BLE112 module from Bluegiga and a BLE USB dongle are used for WBAN. The performance of the system is evaluated experimentally and the results showed good potential of this proposed BLE platform in meeting the main QoS requirements of medical applications in terms of throughput, end-to-end delay, and packet error rate, while staying energy efficient. © 2015 Farid Touati et al.
Feasibility and performance evaluation of a 6LoWPAN-enabled platform for ubiquitous healthcare monitoring
(John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2016) Touati, Farid; Mnaouer, Adel Ben; Erdene‐Ochir, Ochirkhand; Mehmood, Waiser; Hassan, Ammad; Gaabab, Brahim
Technology has revolutionized medical practices by enabling more convenient and non-intrusive monitoring of patient's health, leading to next generation ubiquitous healthcare (u-healthcare). The exploitation of the Internet protocol version 6 addressing space along with the miniaturization of electronic devices has fostered providing interoperability and connectivity of wearable sensor devices in wireless body area networks to the Internet of Things. In this paper, we propose to integrate the IPv6 over low power wireless personal area network (6LoWPAN) to the u-healthcare monitoring system architecture. The main objective is to study the feasibility of the 6LoWPAN-enabled platform in real-world scenarios dealing with medical data. The performance evaluation of this platform is carried out initially through simulations using OMNet++ and then supported by an experimental study using sensor motes and a customized micro-computing unit. Performance metrics such as throughput, end-to-end delay, packet error rate, and energy consumption are investigated under acute health conditions, where patient's health information has to be sent continuously and at maximum rate to the care provider. The obtained results show that the proposed 6LoWPAN solution fulfills the main quality of service requirements of u-healthcare applications. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Feasibility of air quality monitoring systems based on environmental energy harvesting
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2015) Touati, Farid; Galli, Alessio; Crescini, Damiano; Crescini, Paolo; Mnaouer, Adel Ben
Capillary wireless sensor networks dedicated to air quality monitoring have provided essential information on hazardous air condition, generating early warnings to prevent danger situation for human health. The arising problem connected to capillary networks is the adoption of environmental energy as primary and/or unique energy source instead of the replacement of hundreds or even thousands of batteries on a regular basis that leads to high costs and practical problems of devices management. Aim of this paper is to presents a multiparametric sensor node for air quality monitoring, able to work without battery and human intervention, harvesting energy from the surrounding environment for perpetual operation. A complete autonomy system has been designed, experimental results of the harvest energy section and the budget allocation of the power consumption of the system are presented. Moreover the paper shows the experimental results of the studies conducted on the sensors section. A tailored calibration process for the sensors and the energy recovery section could effectively lead the system to trace the air quality levels in indoor and outdoor application, in a sort of 'set and forget' scenario. approach could effectively report and trace air quality levels. © 2015 IEEE.
Geographical area network-structural health monitoring utility computing model
(MDPI AG, 2019) Tariq, Hasan; Tahir, Anas; Touati, Farid; Al-Hitmi, Mohammed Abdulla E.; Crescini, Damiano; Mnaouer, Adel Ben
In view of intensified disasters and fatalities caused by natural phenomena and geographical expansion, there is a pressing need for a more effective environment logging for a better management and urban planning. This paper proposes a novel utility computing model (UCM) for structural health monitoring (SHM) that would enable dynamic planning of monitoring systems in an efficient and cost-effective manner in form of a SHM geo-informatics system. The proposed UCM consists of networked SHM systems that send geometrical SHM variables to SHM-UCM gateways. Every gateway is routing the data to SHM-UCM servers running a geo-spatial patch health assessment and prediction algorithm. The inputs of the prediction algorithm are geometrical variables, environmental variables, and payloads. The proposed SHM-UCM is unique in terms of its capability to manage heterogeneous SHM resources. This has been tested in a case study on Qatar University (QU) in Doha Qatar, where it looked at where SHM nodes are distributed along with occupancy density in each building. This information was taken from QU routers and zone calculation models and were then compared to ideal SHM system data. Results show the effectiveness of the proposed model in logging and dynamically planning SHM. © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
Investigations on recent power-aware opportunistic protocols in WSN
(IEEE Computer Society, 2018) Fourati, Lamia; El-Kaffel, Sarrah; Mnaouer, Adel Ben; Touati, Farid
Nowdays, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), Internet of Things (IoT), Industrial IoT (IIoT), and Cognitive IoT (CIoT), have attracted the attention of many researchers and industrials in different domains due to their wide deployment in Cyber-Physical Systems and other emerging areas. However, battery lifetime extension and energy usage constraints associated with WSNs and IoT were found to be the major challenges of concern. To address these challenges various Network Lifetime (NL) maximization techniques and approaches have been proposed to extend battery longevity and to ensure continuous full operational network activity. Power-aware opportunistic transmission and data gathering schemes are among the relevant NL maximization. Accordingly, in this paper, we review and discuss various recent contributions related to opportunistic MAC and routing approaches. Furthermore, we present a comprehensive comparison between opportunistic routing mechanisms for WSN. © 2018 IEEE.
IoT-Based Bi-Cluster Forecasting Using Automated ML-Model Optimization for COVID-19
(MDPI, 2023-03) Tariq, Hasan; Touati, Farid; Crescini, Damiano; Mnaouer, Adel Ben
The current COVID-19 pandemic has raised huge concerns about outdoor air quality due to the expected lung deterioration. These concerns include the challenges associated with an increase of harmful gases like carbon dioxide, the iterative/repetitive inhalation due to mask usage, and harsh environmental temperatures. Even in the presence of air quality sensing devices, these challenges can hinder the prevention and treatment of respiratory diseases, epidemics, and pandemics in severe cases. In this research, a dual time series with a bi-cluster sensor data-stream-based novel optimized regression algorithm was proposed with optimization predictors and responses that use an automated iterative optimization of the model based on the similarity coefficient index. The algorithm was implemented over SeReNoV2 sensor nodes data, i.e., a multi-variate dual time-series sensor, of the environmental and US Environmental Protection Agency standard, which measures variables for the air quality index using air quality sensors with geospatial profiling. The SeReNoV2 systems were placed at four locations that were 3 km apart to monitor the air quality and their data was collected at Ubidots IoT platform over GSM. The results have shown that the proposed technique achieved a root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.0042 with a training time of 469.28 s for the control and an RMSE of 1.646 in a training time of 28.53 s when optimized. The estimated R-Squared error was 0.03, with the Mean-Square Error for temperature being 1.0084 °C, and 293.98 ppm for CO2. Furthermore, the Mean-Absolute Error (MAE) for temperature was 0.66226 °C and 10.252 ppm for the correlated-CO2 at a predicted speed of ~5100 observations/s. In the sample cluster for temperature, 45,000 observations/s for CO2 was achieved due to the iterative optimization of the training time (469.28 s). The correlated temperature and a time of 28.53 s for CO2 were very promising in forecasting COVID-19 countermeasures before time. © 2023 by the authors.
Opportunistic routing and data dissemination protocol for energy harvesting wireless sensor networks
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2016) Bouachir, Ons; Mnaouer, Adel Ben; Touati, Farid; Crescini, Damiano
Recent advances in environmental sources harvesting technologies is a promising solution to provide sustainable energy sources for wireless sensor networks (WSN). Renewable energy sources such as solar, thermal and electromagnetic waves constitute viable alternatives to maximize the network lifetime. Therefore, networking software awareness and adaptability to energy availability conditions should translate into innovative supporting features for data gathering, aggregation, routing and dissemination. Thus, it is paramount to develop robust energy harvesting-aware networking platforms that support the above services and guarantee low energy consumption and data integrity in a noisy, constrained environment. In this paper, we present an opportunistic routing and data dissemination protocol for energy harvesting wireless sensor network (EH-WSN) based on cross-layer constructs that allows across the layers synchronization and coordination between the routing protocol and the application layer services. The OMNET++ based extensive simulation of this protocol showed promising results in terms of meeting application requirements of handling urgent traffic and delay tolerant traffic seamlessly and ensuring energy usage efficiency. © 2016 IEEE.
PEAM : a polymorphic, energy-aware MAC protocol for WBAN
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2016) Bouachir, Ons; Mnaouer, Adel Ben; Touati, Farid
In remote healthcare monitoring and care delivery, obtaining the right information at the right time is critical. For these systems, designing an efficient MAC protocol that is able to meet the challenges on network quality such as throughput, latency, data reliability and energy saving is an imperative task. This paper presents a polymorphic, multi-behavioral MAC protocol called PEAM (Polymorphic, Energy-Aware MAC Protocol) designed to support WBANs used in ubiquitous healthcare monitoring systems. The adaptability feature characterizing the protocol is essential in handling different patients' health states. PEAM was designed based on cross-layer constructs that allow across the layers synchronization and coordination orchestrated by the application layer and targeting the Data link layer services. PEAM has also been enabled to interplay with IPv6 networks through interaction with the 6LowPAN middleware. This protocol was evaluated and compared to the well-known IEEE 802.15.4 standard using the network simulator OMNET++, and exhibited clear superiority. © 2016 IEEE.

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